Industrial+arts


 * Experts:**
 * Colin**

There are two main types of girder bridges. In one type, called a //box girder bridge,// each girder looks like a long box that lies between the piers or abutments. The top surface of the bridge is the roadway. Box girder bridges are built of steel or concrete. In the other type of girder bridge, the end view of each girder looks like an //I// or a //T.// Two or more girders support the roadway. This type of bridge is called a //plate girder bridge// when made of steel, a //reinforced// or //prestressed concrete girder bridge// when made of concrete, and a //wood girder bridge// when made of wood.
 * Here are the types of briges.**
 * Girder bridges,** which include many highway bridges, are made of beams called //girders// whose ends simply rest on piers or abutments. These bridges may be used to cross most areas. The span length of girder bridges ranges up to about 1,000 feet (300 meters).

Each truss consists of steel or wood parts that are connected to form one or more triangles. The simplest truss consists of three parts fastened together at their ends to form a triangle. Most truss bridges have one set of trusses on each side of the roadway. The majority of modern truss bridges have the roadway on top of the trusses and are called //deck truss bridges.// The roadway of a //through truss bridge// runs between the trusses. In a //simple span truss bridge,// each truss extends between two abutments or piers. In a //continuous truss bridge,// each truss has three or more such supports. Some locations are suitable for either a truss bridge or a girder bridge. In such cases, some engineers choose to build a truss bridge because it requires less construction material than the girder type. However, many engineers prefer a girder bridge because it is more attractive and easier to construct and maintain.
 * Truss bridges** are supported by frameworks called //trusses.// The parts of the trusses are arranged in the form of triangles. Such bridges are built over canyons, rivers, and other areas. A truss bridge may have a main span that extends more than 1,000 feet (300 meters).

Engineers must design arch bridges so that the sides of the arch do not spread apart and collapse the bridge. The roadway of some arch bridges lies on top of the arch and is supported by vertical columns called //spandrel columns.// These columns transfer the load of the roadway to the arch, which bears the weight of the bridge. The roadway of a //tied arch bridge// is below the curve of the arch. The roadway is supported by girders or other types of beams that hang from the arch. The girders or beams also connect to the ends of the arch to prevent the ends from spreading out. The abutments support the weight of the bridge.
 * Arch bridges** are structures in which each span forms an arch. The spans range up to about 1,800 feet (550 meters) long. The arch bridge is one of the oldest types of bridges. Early arch bridges consisted of large stone blocks wedged together to form an arch. Today, the majority of arch bridges that have short spans are made of concrete or wood. Arch bridges with long spans are built of concrete or steel.

Each cantilever has two sections, an //anchor arm// and a //cantilever arm.// The anchor arm extends between an abutment and a pier. One end of the cantilever arm is supported by the pier, and the other end extends freely over the waterway. The free ends of the two cantilevers are joined together by a //suspended span.// Most cantilever bridges have two //anchor spans// and one //center span.// Each anchor span consists of an anchor arm. The suspended span and the two cantilever arms make up the center span. Many cantilever bridges have truss frameworks. Most bridges of the cantilever type are made of steel or prestressed concrete
 * Cantilever bridges** consist of one, two, or several independent beams called //cantilevers//. These bridges may have spans as long as about 1,800 feet (549 meters). The most common type has two cantilevers, one each extending from opposite banks of a waterway. The two cantilevers are joined together above the middle of the waterway by a beam, girder, or truss.

Suspension bridges are used to span great distances. Most suspension bridges have a main span more than 1,000 feet (300 meters) long. Some have a main span longer than 4,000 feet (1,200 meters). Suspension bridges also are used to cross deep water or steep canyons, and in other places where the construction of piers is especially difficult and expensive. These bridges require only two piers, each of which supports a tower. The main span of a suspension bridge stretches between the two towers. Each of two //side spans// extends between a tower and an //anchorage.// Most anchorages are huge blocks of concrete set at the ends of the bridge. The cables that are supported by the towers are called the //main cables.// A suspension bridge has at least two main cables. Each of these cables extends from one end of the bridge to the other and is secured at each end by an anchorage. The main cables are connected to the top end of vertical //suspender cables.// The bottom end of each suspender cable attaches to the roadway of the bridge. A suspension bridge may sway in a strong wind. To minimize such movement, most suspension bridges have a thick structure that supports the roadway. This type of structure helps stiffen the bridge and is called a //stiffening girder// or //stiffening truss.//
 * Suspension bridges** are perhaps the most impressive type of bridge because of their long main span and especially attractive appearance. These bridges have a roadway that hangs from steel cables that are supported by two high towers.

A cable-stayed bridge may be used if its foundation can support only one tower. Most cable-stayed bridges have three spans, but some have one tower and two spans. The most efficient cable-stayed bridges have a main span about 700 feet (210 meters) long. The cables of a cable-stayed bridge may be linked from the roadway to the towers in several ways. The cables may extend from various points on the roadway to the tops of the towers, forming a //radiating pattern.// The cables form a //fan pattern,// also called a //harp pattern,// if they are connected from a variety of points on the roadway to several points on the towers. If the cables are attached from one point on the roadway to various points on the towers, they form a //star pattern.//
 * Cable-stayed bridges** resemble suspension bridges. Both have roadways that hang from cables, and both have towers. In a cable-stayed bridge, however, the cables that support the roadway are connected directly to the towers.


 * Movable bridges** have a roadway that is moved entirely or partly to provide enough clearance for large ships to pass. There are three types of movable bridges, //bascule bridges, vertical lift bridges,// and //swing bridges.// A bascule bridge tilts upward to open. Some bascule bridges open at one end, and others open in the middle. A vertical lift bridge has a roadway that extends between two towers. The roadway rises between the towers, and ships pass underneath. A swing bridge is mounted on a central pier. The bridge swings sideways to enable ships to pass.

[|http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar076320&st=types+of+bridges#s1] You have to log in to look at the site but the log in is for Worldbook that we go from the library. Alex P.

Here's a list of car parts.

[|armor]
[|the] [|American] [|spelling] [|of] [|armour] 

armour
noun [|layers] [|of] [|hard] [|metal] [|that] [|cover] [|a] [|military] [|vehicle] [|to] [|protect] [|it] [|from] [|attack] 

axle
noun [|a] [|metal] [|bar] [|that] [|connects] [|a] [|pair] [|of] [|wheels] [|on] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|other] [|vehicle] 

body
noun [|the] [|main] [|outer] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|car], [|not] [|including] [|the] [|engine] [|or] [|wheels] , [|or] [|the] [|main] [|outer] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|plane] , [|not][|including] [|the] [|engine] , [|wheels] , [|or] [|wings] 

bodywork
noun [|the] [|painted] [|metal] [|outer] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|other] [|vehicle] [|that] [|gives] [|it] [|its] [|shape] 

bonnet
noun [|the] [|front] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|that] [|covers] [|the] [|engine]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|hood]. 

boot
noun [|the] [|covered] [|space] [|at] [|the] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|car], [|used] [|for] [|carrying] [|things] [|in]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|trunk]. 

bull bar
noun [|a] [|frame] [|of] [|strong] [|metal] [|bars] [|around] [|the] [|front] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|truck], [|used] [|for] [|protecting] [|it] [|if] [|there] [|is] [|an] [|accident] 

bumper
noun [|a] [|long] [|thin] [|bar] [|of] [|metal] [|or] [|plastic] [|fixed] [|to] [|the] [|front] [|or] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle], [|designed] [|to] [|protect] [|it] [|if] [|it] [|hits][|anything] 

chassis
noun [|the] [|frame] [|and] [|wheels] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] 

crumple zone
noun [|the] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|that] [|is] [|designed] [|to] [|crumple] [|in] [|a] [|crash] [|so] [|that] [|the] [|passengers] [|are] [|protected] [|from] [|the] [|force] [|of][|the] [|crash] 

exhaust
noun [|an] [|exhaust] [|pipe] 

exhaust pipe
noun [|a] [|pipe] [|that] [|carries] [|the] [|gases] [|or] [|steam] [|out] [|of] [|an] [|engine] 

fender
noun [|a] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|that] [|covers] [|or] [|protects] [|the] [|area] [|round] [|a] [|wheel] 

filler cap
noun [|the] [|small] [|round] [|lid] [|that] [|covers] [|the] [|hole] [|where] [|you] [|put] [|the] [|petrol] [|in] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|other] [|vehicle] 

fin
noun [|a] [|thin] [|flat] [|part] [|on] [|the] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|that] [|is] [|used] [|for] [|decoration] 

grille
noun [|the] [|radiator] [|of] [|a] [|motor] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

hood
noun [|a] [|cover] [|on] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|pram] [|that] [|can] [|be] [|pulled] [|up] [|to] [|give] [|protection] [|from] [|the] [|rain] [|or] [|sun] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

hood
noun [|a] [|car] [|bonnet] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

hubcap
noun [|a] [|metal] [|cover] [|for] [|the] [|central] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|wheel] [|on] [|a] [|car] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

license plate
noun [|a] [|number] [|plate] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

luggage rack
noun [|a] [|roof] [|rack] [|on] [|a] [|car] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

mudflap
noun [|a] [|piece] [|of] [|rubber] [|that] [|hangs] [|behind] [|a] [|wheel] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|and] [|stops] [|dirt] [|from] [|the] [|road] [|from] [|hitting] [|the] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

mudguard
noun [|a] [|mudflap] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

muffler
noun [|a] [|silencer] [|on] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

nearside
noun [|the] [|side] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|other] [|vehicle] [|that] [|is] [|closest] [|to] [|the] [|edge] [|of] [|a] [|road] [|on] [|which] [|you] [|are] [|driving] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

number plate
noun [|an] [|official] [|sign] [|on] [|the] [|front] [|and] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|motor] [|vehicle], [|with] [|numbers] [|and] [|letters] [|on] [|it] [|that] [|show] [|who] [|it][|belongs] [|to]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|license] [|plate]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

the offside
noun [|the] [|side] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|that] [|is] [|nearer] [|to] [|the] [|middle] [|of] [|the] [|road]. [|The] [|side] [|that] [|is] [|nearer] [|the] [|edge] [|of] [|the] [|road] [|is][|the] [|nearside] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

offside
noun [|used] [|about] [|parts] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|that] [|are] [|nearest] [|the] [|middle] [|of] [|the] [|road] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

panel
noun [|a] [|piece] [|of] [|shaped] [|metal] [|that] [|forms] [|part] [|of] [|the] [|body] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

petrol tank
noun [|the] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|other] [|vehicle] [|that] [|you] [|fill] [|with] [|petrol]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|gas] [|tank]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

P-plates
noun [|in] [|Australia], [|signs] [|that] [|a] [|driver] [|must] [|fasten] [|onto] [|their] [|car] [|for] [|one] [|year] [|after] [|passing] [|their] [|driving] [|test] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

rear end
noun [|the] [|back] [|part] [|of] [|something], [|especially] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

reg
noun [|an] [|abbreviation] [|for] [|a] [|vehicle’s] [|registration] [|number], [|especially] [|the] [|first] [|or] [|last] [|letter] , [|that] [|shows] [|how] [|old] [|it] [|is] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

registration number
noun [|the] [|official] [|set] [|of] [|numbers] [|and] [|letters] [|on] [|a] [|car’s] [|number] [|plate] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

registration plate
noun [|a] [|number] [|plate] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

roll bar
noun [|a] [|strong] [|metal] [|bar] [|that] [|goes] [|over] [|the] [|top] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|without] [|a] [|roof] [|and] [|protects] [|the] [|people] [|inside] [|if] [|the][|vehicle] [|turns] [|over] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

roof
noun [|the] [|top] [|outer] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

roof box
noun [|a] [|large] [|hard] [|container] [|that] [|fits] [|on] [|the] [|roof] [|of] [|a] [|car] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

roof rack
noun [|a] [|metal] [|frame] [|fixed] [|on] [|the] [|roof] [|of] [|a] [|car], [|used] [|for] [|carrying] [|large] [|objects] , [|bicycles] [|etc]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is][|luggage] [|rack]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

running board
noun [|a] [|step] [|outside] [|the] [|door] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle], [|especially] [|on] [|an] [|old] [|car] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

shaft
noun [|one] [|of] [|two] [|long] [|bars] [|used] [|for] [|fastening] [|a] [|vehicle] [|to] [|a] [|horse] [|or] [|other] [|animal] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

shell
noun [|the] [|outer] [|parts] [|of] [|something] [|such] [|as] [|a] [|car] [|or] [|plane] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

silencer
noun [|an] [|object] [|that] [|reduces] [|the] [|noise] [|from] [|a] [|vehicle’s] [|engine]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|muffler]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

sill
noun [|the] [|area] [|on] [|the] [|outside] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|that] [|is] [|directly] [|below] [|the] [|door] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

skirt
noun [|something] [|that] [|covers] [|the] [|lower] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|machine] [|or] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

spoiler
noun [|a] [|part] [|on] [|the] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|racing] [|car] [|that] [|keeps] [|it] [|on] [|the] [|ground] [|at] [|high] [|speeds] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

spoiler
noun [|a] [|similar] [|part] [|fitted] [|on] [|an] [|ordinary] [|car] [|designed] [|to] [|make] [|it] [|look] [|exciting] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

stabilizer
noun [|a] [|part] [|on] [|a] [|vehicle] [|or] [|machine] [|that] [|keeps] [|it] [|steady] [|or] [|in] [|the] [|correct] [|position] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

sunroof
noun [|a] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|roof] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|that] [|can] [|be] [|opened] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

tailboard
noun [|a] [|vehicle’s] [|tailgate] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

tailgate
noun [|a] [|door] [|at] [|the] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|car], [|van] , [|or] [|truck] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

tailpipe
noun [|the] [|pipe] [|at] [|the] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|motor] [|vehicle] [|that] [|takes] [|waste] [|gases] [|out] [|of] [|the] [|engine] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

towbar
noun [|a] [|metal] [|bar] [|on] [|the] [|back] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] [|used] [|for] [|towing] [|another] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

track
noun [|a] [|moving] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|large] [|vehicle] [|such] [|as] [|a] [|tank] [|on] [|which] [|it] [|moves] [|along] [|the] [|ground] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

trunk
noun [|the] [|boot] [|of] [|a] [|car] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

wheel
noun [|a] [|round] [|object] [|that] [|turns] [|round] [|and] [|round] [|to] [|make] [|a] [|car], [|bicycle] , [|or] [|other] [|vehicle] [|move] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

wheelbase
noun [|the] [|distance] [|between] [|the] [|front] [|and] [|back] [|wheels] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

window
noun [|a] [|similar] [|frame] [|in] [|a] [|vehicle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

windscreen
noun [|the] [|large] [|glass] [|window] [|at] [|the] [|front] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|windshield]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

windscreen wiper
noun [|a] [|long] [|thin] [|tool] [|that] [|moves] [|across] [|a] [|vehicle’s] [|windscreen] [|to] [|wipe] [|the] [|rain] [|off] [|it] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

windshield
noun [|a] [|windscreen] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

wing
noun [|the] [|part] [|of] [|a] [|car] [|that] [|covers] [|the] [|wheel]. [|The] [|usual] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|fender]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

wing mirror
noun [|a] [|small] [|mirror] [|on] [|each] [|side] [|of] [|a] [|vehicle]. [|The] [|American] [|word] [|is] [|sideview] [|mirror]. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">

wiper
noun [|a] [|windscreen] [|wiper] http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/External-parts-of-cars-and-other-road-vehicles -Sam Fansler =<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">** Types of Tools ** = __** Saws **__ Hand Saws
 * Crosscut Saw- ** A saw used for cutting wood perpandicular to the grain of the wood.
 * Bow Saw/ Buck Saw- ** A type of crosscut saw with the blade held in tension by the frame
 * Coping saw ** -A hand saw used for cutting desings in wood.
 * Frame Saw- ** Any saw that has a blade that's held by tension from the frame.
 * Fret Saw- ** A saw used for cutting very intricate desings.
 * Hack Saw- ** A fine- toothed saw used for cutting hard things sush as :metal and bone.
 * Japanese Saw**-A thin bladed saw that cuts only on the pull.
 * Plywood Saw** -Like the name implies, a saw for cutting playwood.
 * Rip Saw-** A saw used for cutting wood with the grain of the wood.
 * Turning Saw-**A frame saw used for cutting curves in wood.
 * Two Man Saw-** A large saw used for cutting logs of trees, requires two people to use.
 * Veneer Saw-** A double edged saw used in dental work to cut veneer.
 * WhipSaw-** A two-person rip saw for cutting logs.

Back Saws Powered Saws By James~Feel Free to add more. I will keep adding more tools.
 * Miter Saw-**A saw used for making precise crosscuts in wood.
 * Tenon Saw-**A saw that does precise cuts
 * Circular Blade Saw**
 * Circular Saw-** A saw with a rotating blade.
 * Table Saw-** A saw with a rotating blade that comes out of a slot in the table.
 * Radial Arm Saw-** A saw that has the rotating blade attached to a guide arm that guides the blade into the wood.It is mounted on a table.