Science+Experts


 * Experts ||
 * Colin (1) ||
 * Isabel ||
 * Alex W. (1) ||
 * James ||
 * Nick (2) ||
 * Emma (2) ||
 * Montgomery (2) ||
 * Sydney (2) ||
 * Charlie (2) ||
 * Hugh (2) ||
 * Kevin ||
 * Robert ||

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)-- an English naturalist who established the theory of evolution. Famous for the Galapagos finches he found and used to prove his theories.He also wrote the books, //Voyage of the Beagle// and //The Orgin of Species//. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) -- called "The Wizard of Menlo Park", an American inventor who invented 'direct current', or D/C, phonograph, motion-picture camera, and the lightbulb. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) -- Serbian inventor who worked for Edison and invented alternating current, or A/C, and the Tesla coil, which creates high-voltage, high-frequency electrical currents. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) -- Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who disproved the ptolemy system (in which the earth was the center of the solar system) and using his telescope proved the Copernicus system (in which the sun was the center of the universe). Marie Curie (1867-1934) -- Polish physicist and chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics and chemistry. She is famous for her research for her research in radioactivity and the discovery or Polonium and Radium. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) -- English mathematician and physicist who is most famous for his three laws of motion: 1- An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless an external force is applied to it (g.e friction, gravity, etc) 2- Force = Mass x Acceleration 3- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Albert Einstein (1879-1955) -- German-born theoretical physicist who emigrated to the US in 1933, won the Nobel Prize in physics, and is famous for developing he general theory of theory of relativity and determining the relationship between mass and energy, which can be summed up in a simple equation: E=mc square (E=energy, m=mass, c=speed of light)  Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) -- Austrian psychologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis, which focuses on repression and unconscious forces in a patient that may be causing their problems, and the examining the **id** (unconscious thought), **ego** (part of our mind which satisfy's the id's desires in reality), and **super ego** (moral standards and our sense of right and wrong).  Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC) -- Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote major books on logic including Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics //and// Posterior Analytics //in which he discusses his system and reasoning for developing sound arguments. He also dabbled in earth sciences, identifying the water cycle and covering topics ranging from natural disasters to astrological events.// //Stephen Hawking (1942-still alive) -- British theoretical physicist, cosmologist and author who contracted motor neuron disease in 1963. He has published many books on fundamental questions about our universe and existence including// The Grand Design//,// The Universe in a Nutshell//,// A Brief History of Time.// Neils Bohr (1885-1962) -- Danish physicist and philosopher who made large contributions to understanding the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize for in Physics. He is famous for the [|'Bohr Model'] which is the simplest modern model of an atom.
 * Influential scientists:**


 * THIS LIST IS A W.i.P-- feel free to add on to it c:**
 * -Stephanie**

Word Files with important science diagrams-Colin H.

http://phrontistery.info/sciences.html

Use this link to learn about the periodic table of elements http://www.ptable.com/

-Shaun


 * __The Planets and its Moons:__**
 * __http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets__**
 * The Planets || The Meaning of the Planet's Names || The Moons ||
 * Mercury (Inner Planet) || Named Mercurius by the Romans because it appears to move so swiftly. || No Moons ||
 * Venus (Inner Planet) || Roman name for the goddess of love. This planet was considered to be the brightest and most beautiful planet or star in the heavens. Other civilizations have named it for their god or goddess of love/war. || No Moons ||
 * Earth (Inner Planet) || The name Earth comes from the Indo-European base 'er,'which produced the Germanic noun 'ertho,' and ultimately German 'erde,' Dutch 'aarde,' Scandinavian 'jord,' and English 'earth.' Related forms include Greek 'eraze,' meaning 'on the ground,' and Welsh 'erw,' meaning 'a piece of land.' || The Moon (Luna) ||
 * Mars (Inner Planet) || Named by the Romans for their god of war because of its red, bloodlike color. Other civilizations also named this planet from this attribute; for example, the Egyptians named it "Her Desher," meaning "the red one." || Phobos, Deimos ||
 * Jupiter (Outer Planet) || The largest and most massive of the planets was named Zeus by the Greeks and Jupiter by the Romans; he was the most important deity in both pantheons. || Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and many more. These are main moons ||
 * Saturn (Outer Planet) || Roman name for the Greek Cronos, father of Zeus/Jupiter. Other civilizations have given different names to Saturn, which is the farthest planet from Earth that can be observed by the naked human eye. Most of its satellites were named for Titans who, according to Greek mythology, were brothers and sisters of Saturn. || Titan, Enceladus, Iapetus ||
 * Uranus (Outer Planet) || Several astronomers, including Flamsteed and Le Monnier, had observed Uranus earlier but had recorded it as a fixed star. Herschel tried unsuccessfully to name his discovery "Georgian Sidus" after George III; the planet was named by Johann Bode in 1781 for the father of Saturn. || Miranda and other moons ||
 * Neptune (Outer Planet) || Neptune was "predicted" by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier who, independently, were able to account for the irregularities in the motion of Uranus by correctly predicting the orbital elements of a trans- Uranian body. Using the predicted parameters of Le Verrier (Adams never published his predictions), Johann Galle observed the planet in 1846. Galle wanted to name the planet for Le Verrier, but that was not acceptable to the international astronomical community. Instead, this planet is named for the Roman god of the sea. || Triton ||


 * NAME || MEANING || POSSESSIVE || ABBRV. ||  ||   || REMARKS ||
 * [|Andromeda] || Chained Lady || Andromedae || And ||  ||   || [|Perseus] myth; Daughter of [|Cassiopeia] and [|Cepheus]; [|galaxy M 31] ||
 * [|Antlia] || Air Pump || Antliae || Ant ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Apus] || Bird of Paradise || Apodis || Aps ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Aquarius] || [|Water Bearer] || Aquarii || Aqr ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Water Jar]; wet quarter; [|Saturn] and [|Helix] Nebulae ||
 * [|Aquila] || [|Eagle] || Aquilae || Aql ||  ||   || [|Summer Triangle] ||
 * [|Ara] || Altar || Arae || Ara ||  ||   || Most southerly ancient ||
 * [|Aries] || Ram || Arietis || Ari ||  ||   || [|Zodiac] ||
 * [|Auriga] || [|Charioteer] || Aurigae || Aur ||  ||   || Three "[|Kids]"; [|Galactic Anticenter"] ||
 * [|Bootes] || Herdsman || Bootis || Boo ||  ||   || Brightest N. hem. star ||
 * [|Caelum] || Engraving Tool || Caeli || Cae ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Camelopardalis] || Giraffe || Camelopardalis || Cam ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Cancer] || [|Crab] || Cancri || Cnc ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Beehive Cluster] ||
 * [|Canes Venatici] || Hunting Dogs || Canum Venaticorum || CVn ||  ||   || Modern ||   ||
 * [|Canis Major] || [|Larger Dog] || Canis Majoris || CMa ||  ||   || [|Winter Triangle] ||
 * [|Canis Minor] || [|Smaller Dog] || Canis Minoris || CMi ||  ||   || [|Winter Triangle] ||
 * [|Capricornus] || [|Water Goat] || Capricorni || Cap ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; wet quarter ||
 * [|Carina] || Keel || Carinae || Car ||  ||   || [|Argo] ||
 * [|Cassiopeia] || Queen || Cassiopeiae || Cas ||  ||   || [|Perseus] myth; [| Andromeda]'s mother ||
 * [|Centaurus] || Centaur || Centauri || Cen ||  ||   || [|Hadar]=Beta first mag. ||
 * [|Cepheus] || King || Cephei || Cep ||  ||   || [|Perseus] myth; [|Andromeda]'s father ||
 * [|Cetus] || Whale/Sea Monster || Ceti || Cet ||  ||   || [|Perseus] myth ||
 * [|Chamaeleon] || Chameleon || Chamaeleontis || Cha ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Circinus] || Compasses || Circini || Cir ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Columba] || [|Dove] || Columbae || Col ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Coma Berenices] || Berenices Hair || Comae Berenices || Com ||  ||   || "Modern" but old; [|Coma Berenices Cluster]; [|North Galactic Pole] ||
 * [|Corona Australis] || [|Southern Crown] || Coronae Australis || CrA ||  ||   || [|Sagittarius]'s crown ||
 * [|Corona Borealis] || [|Northern Crown] || Coronae Borealis || CrB ||  ||   || Ariadne's Crown ||
 * [|Corvus] || Crow, Raven || Corvi || Crv ||  ||   || "Pointers" to [|Spica] ||
 * [|Crater] || Cup || Crateris || Crt ||  ||   || Very faint ||
 * [|Crux] || Southern Cross || Crucis || Cru ||  ||   || Modern; icon of southern hemisphere ||
 * [|Cygnus] || Swan || Cygni || Cyg ||  ||   || Northern Cross, [|Summer Triangle] ||
 * [|Delphinus] || [|Dolphin] || Delphini || Del ||  ||   || Wet quarter ||
 * [|Dorado] || Swordfish || Doradus || Dor ||  ||   || Modern; [|South Ecliptic Pole] ||
 * [|Draco] || [|Dragon] || Draconis || Dra ||  ||   || [|North Ecliptic Pole]; [|Cat's Eye Nebula] ||
 * [|Equuleus] || [|Little Horse] || Equulei || Eql ||  ||   || Smallest ancient const. ||
 * [|Eridanus] || River || Eridani || Eri ||  ||   || Second longest ||
 * [|Fornax] || Furnace || Fornacis || For ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Gemini] || Twins || Geminorum || Gem ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Summer Solstice]; cluster [|M 35]; [|Eskimo Nebula] ||
 * [|Grus] || Crane || Gruis || Gru ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Hercules] || [|Hero]; Hercules || Herculis || Her ||  ||   || "The Kneeler"; cluster [|M 13] ||
 * [|Horologium] || Clock || Horologii || Hor ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Hydra] || Water Serpent || Hydrae || Hya ||  ||   || Longest const. ||
 * [|Hydrus] || Water Snake || Hydri || Hyi ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Indus] || Indian || Indi || Ind ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Lacerta] || [|Lizard] || Lacertae || Lac ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Leo] || Lion || Leonis || Leo ||  ||   || [|Zodiac] ||
 * [|Leo Minor] || Smaller Lion || Leonis Minoris || LMi ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Lepus] || [|Hare] || Leporis || Lep ||  ||   || [|Orion]'s prey ||
 * [|Libra] || Scales || Librae || Lib ||  ||   || [|Zodiac] ||
 * [|Lupus] || Wolf || Lupi || Lup ||  ||   || Classic odd star [|Chi Lup] ||
 * [|Lynx] || [|Lynx] || Lyncis || Lyn ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Lyra] || Lyre || Lyrae || Lyr ||  ||   || [|Summer Triangle]; [|Ring Nebula] ||
 * [|Mensa] || Table || Mensae || Men ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Microscopium] || Microscope || Microscopii || Mic ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Monoceros] || [|Unicorn] || Monocerotis || Mon ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Musca] || Fly || Muscae || Mus ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Norma] || Square || Normae || Nor ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Octans] || [|Octant] || Octantis || Oct ||  ||   || Modern; [|South Celestial Pole] ||
 * [|Ophiuchus] || Serpent Bearer || Ophiuchi || Oph ||  ||   || With Serpens; on [|ecliptic]; cluster [|M 10] ||
 * [|Orion] || [|Hunter]; Orion || Orionis || Ori ||  ||   || [|Winter Triangle]; [|Orion Nebula] ||
 * [|Pavo] || Peacock || Pavonis || Pav ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Pegasus] || [|Winged Horse] || Pegasi || Peg ||  ||   || [|Perseus] myth, [|Great Square]; cluster [|M 15] ||
 * [|Perseus] || [|Hero]; Perseus || Persei || Per ||  ||   || Perseus myth; rescuer of [|Andromeda]; [|Double Cluster]; [|Alpha Per Cluster] ||
 * [|Phoenix] || Phoenix || Phoenicis || Phe ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Pictor] || Easel || Pictoris || Pic ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Pisces] || Fishes || Piscium || Psc ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Vernal Equinox]; [|Circlet]; wet quarter ||
 * [|Piscis Austrinus] || Southern Fish || Piscis Austrini || PsA ||  ||   || Wet quarter ||
 * [|Puppis] || Stern || Puppis || Pup ||  ||   || [|Argo] ||
 * [|Pyxis] || Compass || Pyxidis || Pyx ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Reticulum] || Net || Reticuli || Ret ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Sagitta] || [|Arrow] || Sagittae || Sge ||  ||   || Arrow of [|Hercules]; of Cupid ||
 * [|Sagittarius] || [|Archer] || Sagittarii || Sgr ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Winter Solstice]; Little Milk Dipper; Teapot; [|Galactic center] ||
 * [|Scorpius] || [|Scorpion] || Scorpii || Sco ||  ||   || [|Zodiac] ||
 * [|Sculptor] || Sculptor's Studio || Sculptoris || Scl ||  ||   || Modern; [|South Galactic Pole] ||
 * [|Scutum] || [|Shield] || Scuti || Sct ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Serpens] || Serpent || Serpentis || Ser ||  ||   || Two parts; with [|Ophiuchus] ||
 * [|Sextans] || [|Sextant] || Sextantis || Sex ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Taurus] || [|Bull] || Tauri || Tau ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Hyades]; [|Pleiades]; [|Galactic anticenter] ||
 * [|Telescopium] || Telescope || Telescopii || Tel ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Triangulum] || [|Triangle] || Trianguli || Tri ||  ||   || [|Galaxy M 33] ||
 * [|Triangulum Australe] || [|Southern Triangle] || Trianguli Australis || TrA ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Tucana] || Toucan || Tucanae || Tuc ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Ursa Major] || Greater Bear || Ursae Majoris || UMa ||  ||   || [|Big Dipper]/Plough; [|Ursa Major Cluster] ||
 * [|Ursa Minor] || Smaller Bear || Ursae Minoris || UMi ||  ||   || Little Dipper; [|North Celestial Pole] ||
 * [|Vela] || Sails || Velorum || Vel ||  ||   || [|Argo] ||
 * [|Virgo] || Maiden || Virginis || Vir ||  ||   || [|Zodiac]; [|Autumnal Equinox] ||
 * [|Volans] || Flying Fish || Volantis || Vol ||  ||   || Modern ||
 * [|Vulpecula] || [|Fox] || Vulpeculae || Vul ||  ||   || Modern; [|Coathanger] non-cluster; [|Dumbbell Nebula] ||
 * __http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/const.html__**
 * __--Perry Lim__**


 * __Gland locations__**

Pituitary- In the brain. Thyroid- Around the throat. Parathyroid- On the thyroid glands. Adrenal- On top of both kidneys. Hypothalamus- Around the pituitary. Pineal- Outside the Hypothalamus. Pancreas- Behind the stomach. Liver- Around the stomach. Duodenum- Tube at the bottom of the stomach. Kidney- Right below adrenal glands. Stomach- If you hold your arms at your sides, it is in the middle of your torso about as high as your elbows are, more or less.
 * __--Ethan Schlenker__**



--Emma Noraian

Here is the site. http://cambridgeperformance.com/page.php?title=memory%2B-%2Bbones%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bhuman%2Bbody

--Emma Noraian

I'm not a science expert but the khan academy science videos seem to cover lots of different science topics including biology, chemistry, and physics which may be useful. Below I embedded the "Introduction to Evolution and Natural Selection" created by khan academy.

media type="youtube" key="GcjgWov7mTM" height="315" width="560"

If you like this video, check out the biology videos at khan academy here: [] If you want to google Charles Darwin, the man credited with establishing the theory of evolution (though he was not the first one to think of it), click this link: []

Hope this helps, -Stephanie C

The Human endocrine system



Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the human brain. The gland consists of two parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe secretes at least seven hormones. One hormone, the human growth hormone (HGH), promotes body growth by accelerating protein synthesis. This hormone is also known as //somatotropin//. A deficiency of the hormone results in dwarfism; an oversecretion results in gigantism. Another hormone of the anterior pituitary is prolactin, also called //lactogenic hormone (LH)//. This hormone promotes breast development and milk secretion in females. A third hormone is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The function of TSH is to control secretions of hormones from the thyroid gland. A fourth hormone is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This hormone controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands. There are three more hormones produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The first is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In females, FSH stimulates the development of a follicle, which contains the egg cell; in males, the hormone stimulates sperm production. The next hormone is luteinizing hormone (LH). In females, LH completes the maturation of the follicle and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum, which temporarily secretes female hormones. In males, LH is interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), which stimulates the production of male hormones in the testes. The final hormone is melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates production of the pigment melanin. The posterior pituitary gland stores and then releases two hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus of the brain. The first hormone is antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. It is also called //vasopressin//. The second hormone is oxytocin, which stimulates contractions in the muscles of the uterus during birth.

Thyroid gland
The **thyroid gland** lies against the pharynx at the base of the neck. It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus. The gland produces thyroxine, a hormone that regulates the rate of metabolism in the body. It also produces a second hormone, calcitonin, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood. Thyroxine production depends on the availability of iodine. A deficiency of iodine causes thyroid gland enlargement, a condition called //goiter//. An undersecretion of thyroxine results in a condition known as //cretinism// (dwarfism with abnormal body proportions and possible mental retardation). In adults, an undersecretion results in//myxedema// (physical and mental sluggishness). Thyroxine oversecretion results in a high metabolic rate and Graves' disease.

Parathyroid glands
The **parathyroid glands** are located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland. They are tiny masses of glandular tissue that produce parathyroid hormone, also called //parathormone//. Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium metabolism in the body by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and by increasing the uptake of calcium from the digestive system.

Adrenal glands
The **adrenal glands** are two pyramid-shaped glands lying atop the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of an outer portion, the cortex, and an inner portion, the**medulla.** The adrenal cortex secretes a family of steroids called **corticosteroids.** The two main types of steroid hormones are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, control mineral metabolism in the body. They accelerate mineral reabsorption in the kidney. Mineralocorticoid secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and cortisone, control glucose metabolism and protein synthesis in the body. Glucocorticoids are also anti-inflammatory agents. The adrenal medulla produces two hormones: **epinephrine** (adrenaline) and**norepinephrine** (noradrenaline). Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and the blood supply to skeletal muscle. Epinephrine functions in stressful situations to promote the fight–flight response. Norepinephrine intensifies the effects of epinephrine. Both hormones prolong and intensify the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

Pancreas
The pancreas is located just behind the stomach. Its endocrine portion consists of cell clusters called the **islets of Langerhans.** The pancreas produces two hormones: insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a protein that promotes the passage of glucose molecules into the body cells and regulates glucose metabolism. In the absence of insulin, glucose is removed from the blood and excreted in the kidney, a condition called //diabetes mellitus//. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose in the urine, heavy urination, excessive thirst, and a generally sluggish body metabolism. The second pancreatic hormone, **glucagon**, stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. It also releases fat from the adipose tissue so the fat can be used for the production of carbohydrates.

Other endocrine glands
Among the other endocrine glands are the ovaries and testes. The **ovaries** secrete**estrogens**, which encourage the development of secondary female characteristics. The **testes** secrete **androgens**, which promote secondary male characteristics. Testosterone is an important androgen.

The **pineal gland** is a tiny gland in the midbrain. Its functions are largely unknown, but it seems to regulate mating behaviors and day–night cycles. The**thymus gland** is located in the neck tissues. It secretes **thymosins**, which influence the development of the T-lymphocytes of the immune system.
 * Prostaglandins** are hormones secreted by various tissue cells. These hormones produce their effects on smooth muscles, on various glands, and in reproductive physiology. **Erythropoietin** is a hormone produced by the kidney cells. Erythropoietin functions in the production of red blood cells. **Gastrin** and **secretin**are hormones produced by digestive glands to influence digestive processes.

- Robert lugg